The company was realigned into desktop and systems divisions. As part of a 1,person staff reduction program, about 12 percent of the company's entire work force was laid off. In addition, five high-ranking executives left the organization, including senior vice-president of engineering James C. Harris, the last remaining company founder. The same month, Compaq announced the initiation of a new Peripherals Division, a worldwide arm whose mission would be to develop printers and printer-related items.
The division's initial line of products, including the August debut of the Compaq Pagem printer, launched Compaq into the rapidly growing market for network printers. The printer line was a failure, however, and was abandoned in Under the leadership of Eckhardt, Compaq began a major push into the consumer and home office markets with an effort centered around the Presario line of home computers launched in August By , the company managed not only to fend off its low-price competitors, it also surpassed IBM as the number one seller of PCs worldwide.
Not content with its PC dominance, Compaq in the mids aimed to capture a much wider market. On the lower-end server front, in Compaq launched the ProSignia VS server, which cost only about five to ten percent more than a desktop PC.
Also in , Compaq revamped its logistics system in order to begin building its PCs to order from a huge stockpile of parts. With a build-to-order system, Compaq would realize significant inventory and manufacturing cost savings.
With a wider range of products, Compaq generated about 15 percent of its revenues from the consumer PC market, 48 percent from corporate desktop PCs, and 35 percent from servers and workstations in When Platt took over as CEO of Hewlett-Packard in , its share of the personal computer market was a mere one percent.
Moreover, PCs accounted for only 5. By , HP was the fastest-growing maker of PCs in the world, having initially targeted corporate customers. Throughout this revitalization of the company's PC lines, HP adopted a much more aggressive pricing policy.
Its market share soared, with the company leaping to third place in mid, edging out Dell Computer and trailing only Compaq Computer Corporation and IBM. By , Hewlett-Packard derived HP's pursuit of personal computer prominence was problematic given that sector's relatively low margins, but Platt felt the company had to be a major player in PCs in order to remain one of the top computer companies in the world.
Although Platt did not want HP to be "just" a peripherals company, the firm continued to churn out successful products in that area: the HP Color LaserJet printer and the HP OfficeJet multifunction machine a combined printer, fax machine, and copier , both introduced in ; and the HP OmniGo handheld organizer, which debuted in HP hoped to combine a personal computer or other electronic device with a VeriFone-derived card reader and appropriate software to create a system with additional payment options for electronic commerce purchases.
Meantime, cofounder David Packard died on March 26, HP's revenues had been growing at an annual percent-plus clip from through , but, in , these increases began to shrink. Among the reasons for the decline were the Asian economic crisis; HP's slow response to opportunities presented by the explosion of the Internet; and falling prices for personal computers and computer peripherals. In addition, HP's printer lines, especially in the inkjet area, were being buffeted by competition from new, low-cost rivals and declining margins in the PC and printer areas were dragging down the profitability of HP as a whole.
Moreover, Compaq had its eye on an even bigger deal. Digital, which became a subsidiary of Compaq, was a leading maker of high-end workstations and servers, giving Compaq an even greater presence in those markets. Digital also brought to Compaq a 22,person service operation for large companies--computer services having been one of Compaq's weakest areas. Areas of overlap began to be addressed, such as the folding of Digital's PC production into that of Compaq and the scaling back of Compaq's network equipment unit.
However, it would take some time before the full impact of this combination--at the time the largest merger in the relatively short history of computers--could be assessed. Compaq's transformation from a PC company to a global IT--and Internet--leader accelerated during , based on the vision of President Pfeiffer, "At Compaq, we envision a world where virtually all information is online and people can communicate, conduct commerce and securely access the information they need from anywhere at any time.
Compaq also announced that year the formation of Compaq. Capellas, who had joined the company in Capellas issued more layoffs and organized the company around three global businesses groups-Enterprise Solutions and Services, Commercial Personal Computing, and Consumer. A restructuring plan was implemented to drive down costs and operating expenses. During the second half of the year, Compaq returned to profitability, reduced operating expenses and began to focus on increasing growth and stockholder value.
Innovative products and services were introduced, including the Aero , the world's most secure, mobile and easy-to-use Handheld PC Professional device; and the light-weight portable projector, MP Capellas saw Compaq "guided by a single, focused vision: Everything to the Internet.
By mid-year, the Compaq started showing significant progress and by the end of the year, revenue was up 10 percent, gross margin was up almost one percentage point, operating expenses were down, operating profit was up more than threefold, and earnings per share more than tripled from Capellas credited the success to Compaq's enterprise business, particularly the high-end storage and server businesses.
Compaq was the number one provider of Web servers, number one in the highest measure of system availability and number one in high-performance technical computing. In late , HP launched a comprehensive review of its operations and announced in early its intention to spin off into a separate firm, Agilent Technologies, its noncomputing segments: test and measurement products and service, medical electronic products and service, electronic components, and chemical analysis and service.
Hewlett-Packard hoped this major divestment--which included the company's original lines of business--would sharpen the firm's competitive instincts, energize its workforce, and enable it to become a more aggressive player in the increasingly important sphere of the Internet. The company also announced that upon completion of the spinoff, Platt would step down as chairman and CEO. Fiorina as President and CEO. Fiorina was responsible for HP's reinvention as a company that makes the Internet work for businesses and consumers.
According to Fiorina, the reinvention of the company resulted from the goal "to restructure and revitalize ourselves to recapture the spirit of invention that is our birthright and apply it to meeting customer needs.
HP revealed a new strategy designed for the Internet, based on Web services to people and businesses through the use of information appliances over infrastructure solutions. HP positioned itself to deliver Web services, intelligent devices and servers and infrastructure of servers and software. By the end of the year, HP had introduced a new brand campaign focusing on the company's history of invention and innovation and introducing a new company logo.
Under Fiorina's direction, HP also realigned its businesses into two customer-facing organizations and three product-generation organizations. In , HP introduced the high-end Superdome server line and announced that it would acquire Bluestone Software, resulting in the further expansion of its Internet software portfolio.
A new business initiative, HP e-Inclusion, was introduced. This program addressed the digital divide by fostering sustainable, profitable businesses in developing countries. Two new software families were introduced in early HP Netaction Software Suite and HP Open View Software Suite--thus, uniting its software offerings into a comprehensive platform for developing, implementing and maintaining Internet-based services. A new business organization, HP Services, was announced in March, with responsibilities in consulting, outsourcing, support, education and solutions deployment.
In , Compaq continued to shift its emphasis from hardware to services, comprising 24 percent of Compaq's revenue in The Global Services unit of the company continued to be the company's strongest segment.
Compaq's Alpha microprocessor operations were sold to Intel and a comprehensive global technology and marketing alliance was announced with Yahoo!. Computing on Demand was introduced which would allow customers to purchase a variety of computing resources. In September HP acquired StorageApps, manufacturer of storage virtualization appliances, and Indigo, a leading commercial and industrial printing systems company.
Compaq investors received 0. HPQ became the new stock ticker for the combined company. First programmable scientific desktop calculator: The HP A — virtually the first PC — stores programs on a magnetic card and can solve science and engineering problems 10 times faster than most other machines. It paves the way for the company's workstation business. Ads call it a "personal computer" in the first documented uses of the term.
Dave Packard is appointed U. Deputy Secretary of Defense and serves from to HP produces a laser interferometer capable of taking infinitesimal measurements. The device becomes the tool of choice in microchip manufacturing.
Similar technology also produces a laser instrument that becomes the first electronic surveying tool. HP expands into business computing with the HP , which introduces the era of distributed data processing. Small enough to fit in a shirt pocket, it makes the slide rule obsolete. HP is the first company in the United States to institute flextime, designed to allow employees more time for family, leisure or personal business.
This interactive approach came to be known as "management by walking around. HP simplifies instrument systems by creating a standard interface. The electronics industry adopts the HP-IB interface bus as an international standard to allow one or more instruments to connect easily to a computer.
HP becomes a global company. HP introduces the HP wrist instrument, a combination digital wristwatch, calculator and personal calendar. In the s, journalists began using the term "Silicon Valley" to describe the countless electronics firms proliferating in Santa Clara County.
HP Labs researchers create fused silica capillary columns for gas chromatography, which revolutionizes chemical analysis. HP introduces its first personal computer, the HP HP introduces the HPC business calculator.
Yokogawa-Hewlett-Packard wins the prestigious Deming Prize for quality. HP introduces the HP technical computer. It marks the success of HP Labs in miniaturizing inkjet technology to deliver superior quality, quieter operation and lower-power consumption over dot-matrix printers. HP becomes the first major computer company to introduce a precision architecture based on reduced instruction set computing RISC , making computers faster and less expensive. RISC executes instructions faster and does more work than previous generations of chips.
The device helps HP become a leading graphics workstation vendor. Bill Hewlett retires as vice chairman of the HP board and is named director emeritus. Customers can achieve PC-like economics and flexibility for their server environments with the first x86 server built on industry standards. The Compaq SystemPro ushers in a new era of computing in enterprise server reliability, capacity and performance.
HP Labs scientists create fundamental color sRGB , compression and half-toning algorithms for the DeskJet C, dramatically reducing the cost of color printing. Roughly the size of a pocket calculator, it boasts as much computing power as a desktop PC. Dave Packard retires as chairman of the board. Lew Platt is elected to replace him. HP introduces the 3-pound 1. Proliant line of servers is introduced by Compaq later acquired by HP. The Proliant is the first rack-mounted server in the market.
Rack-mounting simplifies physical deployment and improves data center security. HP becomes one of the first companies to encourage telecommuting, designed to increase job satisfaction, lower stress and improve employee retention. Building on work that began in HP Labs in , researchers team with Intel engineers to develop what eventuallybecomes Intel's next-generation Itanium architecture, launched in It advances computing from 32 to 64 bits.
Teams from HP businesses and HP Labs develop standard telecommunications computing platforms to replace the inflexible proprietary equipment of the time.
Today, these technologies are found in the Open Call family of products. Dave Packard dies at age Flags fly at half-staff across Silicon Valley and at HP offices around the world for the man headlines describe as "a Silicon Valley founding father and guiding spirit.
HP Labs provides a pipeline of imaging innovations like adaptive lighting, color balance and automatic red-eye removal that add a "custom photo lab" to HP products and services. Navigation technology devised by HP Labs for a handheld copier is later licensed for use in cordless mice. The paper-motion sensing technology can also be seen in today's printers. The divesture is completed in HP introduces the Superdome server line, advancing its position in Internet infrastructure.
Bill Hewlett dies at age HP employees, business leaders and friends around the world mourn the loss of a man described as one of the true pioneers and giants of the electronics industry.
HP Labs researchers help create the Utility Data Center, believed to be the first true implementation of a utility computing technology for enterprises looking to make better use of their resources. The technology helps service providers meet customers' fluctuating demands.
HP creates HP Services to provide consulting, outsourcing, support and solutions deployment. HP Labs leads the company into the digital publishing business by establishing a technical relationship with IndigoN. Indigo presses offer technology called liquid electrophotography LEP , which combines digital laser imaging, ultra-small ink particles and a liquid transport system to produce prints comparable to offset quality. HP announces breakthroughs in molecular electronics in the emerging field of nanotechnology.
A team of chemists, physicists, engineers and computer scientists working in quantum computing produce the highest density electronically addressable memory to date.
The laboratory demonstration circuit, a bit memory using molecular switches as active devices, fits inside a square micron -- an area so tiny that more than 1, could fit on the end of a human hair. HP and Compaq merge. The new company serves more than one billion customers across countries. HP's stock symbol is changed to HPQ to reflect the combined companies.
HP announces new color printers and paper that deliver results surpassing traditional prints in photo quality and fade resistance. Revolutionized data center operations with new levels of flexibility, scalability and economics built on a plug-and-play, space saving server design, reduced cable requirements with the introduction of the first HP ProLiant blade server.
HP eases management of blade server infrastructures by slashing deployment time, increasing energy efficiency and adding on-board shared storage and data protection with the introduction of HP BladeSystem. HP Labs researchers help the U. HP scientists' work using computational fluid dynamics to model heat distribution in a data center leads to HP's smart cooling solution, which potentially can dramatically reduce energy use and save millions of dollars annually.
The images help scientists on earth closely study the surface of Mars from million miles away. HP held the No. When Packard and Hewlett , who were classmates in Frederick E. Fred encouraged us to do that. Hewlett became a graduate student at Massachusetts Institute of Technology and then studied with Terman again at Stanford, where he developed a resistance-tuned oscillator. Hewlett bunked in the backyard shed. Three years later, when the Korean conflict began and electronics production soared, the company had in place an expanded line of test equipment, including microwave and high-frequency products.
Soon HP grew its product offerings through a series of acquisitions, all within its focused field of interest—electronics manufacturing. In , recession hit. Everyone contributed to the necessary cost savings, and six months later, everyone returned to a full work week. Despite adverse economic trends, HP continued to develop new technologies and products, tightening its belt rather than incurring longterm debt.
The slide rule, once the tool of every engineer, slipped into obsolescence after HP introduced the first scientific handheld calculator, the HP, in Also in , the company ventured into business computing with the HP minicomputer.
In , HP became the first company in the U.
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