The Russians established three factories in Port Arthur, China to turn out a thousand grenades a day. On that fateful day of June 28, , when the Austro-Hungarian Archduke Franz Ferdinand and his wife Sophie were assassinated, several of the Black Hand conspirators carried and used Kragujevac hand bombs, named for the Serbian army depot.
I come here to pay you a visit, and I am greeted with bombs. It is outrageous! Soon two types of grenades became standard for the Germans: stick with the explosive can attached to a wooden handle and egg because it resembled an egg. Early in the war, the French were not prepared for the use and production of grenades.
One report in January stated that while the soldiers were completely lacking in factory-produced grenades that they were not lacking in ingenuity in fabricating remarkable projectiles made from canned beef, sardines, tuna and foie gras cans. After eating the delectables they took the cans, loaded them with stones collected from the trenches, shrapnel balls and explosive materials of all sorts, and inserted wick fuses that lasted less than 6 seconds.
The early British front-made grenades were similar to the French, although few were as exotic as foie gras cans. They were mostly jam pots. British development of rifle grenades early in the war was fragmentary. The rod was inserted down the barrel of the service rifle and launched with a special blank cartridge. Rifle grenades were designed to land head-first, but often failed to do so.
They carried high explosives, smoke, signals and messages. Late in the war, anti-tank rifle grenades were developed. It is found in some garden supply centers as a fertilizer. It is sold as a food preservative for making salted meats. If you're highly motivated and have some time, you could even prepare it yourself. However, it's probably easiest to buy a small quantity online e. Supposedly some Indian food stores sell it as an ingredient named Kala Nimak.
If you're in the UK, search online for a list of places that offer potassium nitrate. It's harder to find than in the past, not so much because it can be used to make gunpowder as because better products are available for most applications.
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She has taught science courses at the high school, college, and graduate levels. To the left are oxen stampeding with burning hemp lashed onto their tails, and below is a fire cart. When used in combination with ladder carts, hook carts, battering rams and tanks, fire could be a particularly useful weapon. Can you think of ways to counteract attacks by fire?
Fire oxen source. How effective do you think it would be to send burning hemp attached to animals into enemy ranks? Fire cart source. Chinese military strategists sought ways to create effects from a distance. For example, by Song times they had sophisticated methods for producing smoke. Gunpowder's potential to move objects therefore made it attractive to military strategists designing weapons. Gunpowder was first used by people seeking immortality though this esoteric use of it was probably not known to most Chinese.
The first textual evidence of a proto-gunpowder formula is contained in a work dated about So far as we know, Essentials of the Military Arts records the first true gunpowder formula and describes how to produce it on a large scale. Its first use in warfare was as an incendiary, or fire-producing, compound. Gunpowder was of many different types. Chinese texts identify blinding powder, flying powder, violent powder, poison powder, bruising and burning powder and smoke-screen powder. Starting from the Tang or the beginning of the Song, small packages of gunpowder wrapped in paper or bamboo were attached to arrows, which marked the first use of gunpowder in war see the illustration at left.
These would be lit with a fuse of some kind, so that the arrow became an incendiary, intended to set targets afire. In the group of projectiles at left, the different styles correspond to two different types of javelin-propulsion methods. Note the arrow with the gunpowder chamber.
Whip-arrows source. Two crucial innovations were needed before the Chinese developed rockets propelled by gunpowder. First, the idea of a counter-balance had to be conceived. A counter-balance would allow the rocket to move on a straight trajectory. The second innovation was a hole bored into the exact center of the gunpowder in the missile tube.
This would allow the gunpowder to burn evenly and provide efficient thrust.
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