Place the parenthetical citation author and page number after the period or other mark of punctuation that closes the block quotation. This is an accordion element with a series of buttons that open and close related content panels.
Creating an MLA works cited page. Using MLA in—text citations. Abbreviating references to your sources. U niversity of W isconsin —Madison. Best, David, and Sharon Marcus. JSTOR, doi Franck, Caroline, et al. If you cite more than one work by an author, include a shortened title for the particular work from which you are quoting to distinguish it from the others. Put short titles of books in italics and short titles of articles in quotation marks. Additionally, if the author's name is not mentioned in the sentence, format your citation with the author's name followed by a comma, followed by a shortened title of the work, and, when appropriate, the page number s :.
If you cite from different volumes of a multivolume work, always include the volume number followed by a colon. Put a space after the colon, then provide the page number s. If you only cite from one volume, provide only the page number in parentheses. In your first parenthetical citation, you want to make clear which Bible you're using and underline or italicize the title , as each version varies in its translation, followed by book do not italicize or underline , chapter, and verse.
Sometimes you may have to use an indirect source. An indirect source is a source cited within another source. For such indirect quotations, use "qtd. Note that, in most cases, a responsible researcher will attempt to find the original source, rather than citing an indirect source. Sources that take the form of a dialogue involving two or more participants have special guidelines for their quotation and citation.
Each line of dialogue should begin with the speaker's name written in all capitals and indented half an inch. A period follows the name e. After the period, write the dialogue. Each successive line after the first should receive an additional indentation. When another person begins speaking, start a new line with that person's name indented only half an inch. Repeat this pattern each time the speaker changes.
You can include stage directions in the quote if they appear in the original source. Conclude with a parenthetical that explains where to find the excerpt in the source. Pleadingly Give me a drink, Rocky. Harry said it was all right. God, I need a drink. Avidly Thanks. He takes the bottle with both twitching hands and tilts it to his lips and gulps down the whiskey in big swallows.
With more and more scholarly work published on the Internet, you may have to cite sources you found in digital environments. While many sources on the Internet should not be used for scholarly work reference the OWL's Evaluating Sources of Information resource , some Web sources are perfectly acceptable for research.
When creating in-text citations for electronic, film, or Internet sources, remember that your citation must reference the source on your Works Cited page. Sometimes writers are confused with how to craft parenthetical citations for electronic sources because of the absence of page numbers. Electronic correspondences, such as e-mail or discussions on bulletin boards or discussion groups, is regarded by the APA as personal communication like phone conversations or memos , because it is not recoverable by others.
Personal communications are cited only within the text and not the reference page. Personal Communication In the text, give the initials and surname of the author and provide as exact a date as possible.
Runyon personal communication, April 18, Kohel, personal communication, June 28, However, if the information is, in fact, retrievable, the following elements are necessary for the reference page:. Author, I. Title of article. Name of periodical : On-line , xx. The date should be the year of publication or the most recent update. If the date of the source cannot be determined, provide the exact date of your search.
The path information should be sufficient for someone else to retrieve the material. Do not end the path statement with a period. Funder, D. Judgmental process and content: Commentary on Koehler on base-rate [9 paragraphs] Pscyoloquy [Online serial]. Available FTP: Hostname:princeton. Klein, Donald F. Control group in Pharmacoptherapy and psychotherapy evaluations.
Treatment, I. On-line journal, subscriber-based. Central Vein Occlusion Study Group. October 2. Central vein occlusion study of photocoagulation: Manual of operations [ paragraphs]. Available: Doc No. Meyer, A. The tip-of-the-tongue phenomenon: Blocking or partical activation? Bower, DL. Employee assistant programs supervisory referrals: Characteristics of referring and nonreferring supervisors [CD-ROM]. If you have determined that the material nonetheless has scholarly integrity because, say, it was published on the web-site of a responsible scholar or prestigious university , you would list that resource in your Reference page the same way you would treat a book without an author: begin your reference with the title.
Parenthetically, within your text, use the title of the document so that your reader can find the list on your References page and discover, then, how to find that document. Purdue University Reference: Electronic Sources. A guide for writing research papers based on styles recommended by the American Psychological Association. Students Questions about References.
For more information on the APA style visit:. Examples: List two or more works by the same author in order of the date of publication: Gould, , Differentiate works by the same author and with the same publication date by adding an identifying letter to each date: Bloom, a, b List works by different authors in alphabetical order by last name, and use semicolons to separate the references: Gould, ; Smith, ; Tutwiler, The savage god: A study of suicide.
New York: Random House. Geology of the Indian Ocean. The abbreviation et al. The female autograph: Theory and practice of autobiography. Corporate authors The British Museum. United States, Dept. Use abbreviations as appropriate. If several names are given, list all the names and separate them by a comma. Sources With Two Authors There are many books, journal articles, magazine articles, reports, and other source types written or created by two authors.
The last names do not need to be listed in alphabetical order. Instead, follow the same order as shown on the source. There are a number of sources written or created by three or more authors. Many research studies and reports, scholarly journal articles, and government publications are developed by three or more individuals.
If you included the last names of all individuals in your MLA in-text citations or in parentheses, it would be too distracting to the reader. It may also cause the reader to lose sight of the overall message of the paper or assignment. Instead of including all last names, only include the last name of the first individual shown on the source.
The abbreviation et al. School library programming in Croatia and Hong Kong is somewhat similar to programming in the United States. To discover more about previous editions, learn more here. Need some inspiration for your research project? Trying to figure out the perfect topic? Check out our Dr. Seuss , Marilyn Monroe , and Malcolm X topic guides! Many digital images, films and videos, encyclopedia articles, dictionary entries, web pages, and more do not have author names listed. If the title is rather long, it is acceptable to shorten it in the body of your assignment.
If you choose to shorten the title, make sure the first word in the full citation is also the first word used in the citation in prose or parenthetical citation. This is done to allow the reader to easily locate the full citation that corresponds with the reference in the text. If, in the Works Cited list, the full reference has the title within quotation marks, include those quotation marks in the in-text citation or reference in parentheses.
If the title is written in italics in the full reference, use italics for the title in the in-text citation or reference in parentheses as well.
Those that were allowed to stay manned the pits, mining the coal that would fuel the ships. Notice the shortened title in the above reference. This allows the reader to spend more time focusing on the content of your project, rather than the sources. EasyBib Plus can help you determine how to do in-text citations MLA and many other types of references!
Numerous government publications, research reports, and brochures state the name of the organization as the author responsible for publishing it. When the author is a corporate entity or organization, this information is included in the MLA citation in prose or parenthetical citation.
If the full name of the organization or governmental agency is long in length, it is acceptable to abbreviate some words, as long as they are considered common abbreviations. These abbreviations should only be in the references with parentheses. They should not be used in citations in prose. Accountability Office Looking for more information on abbreviations? Check out our page on MLA format.
Edited books and anthologies often include chapters or sections, each written by an individual author or a small group of authors. These compilations are placed together by an editor or a group of editors. There are tons of edited books and anthologies available today, ranging from ones showcasing Black history facts and literature to those focusing on notable individuals such as scientists like Albert Eintein and politicians such as Winston Churchill.
Do not use the name s of the editor s. Remember, the purpose of these references is to provide the reader with some insight as to where the information originated. If, after reading your project, the reader would like more information on the sources used, the reader can use the information provided in the full reference, at the very end of the assignment.
With that in mind, since the full reference begins with the author of the individual chapter or section, that same information is what should be included in any citations in prose or references in parentheses. Weinstein, Barbara. Nayar, Wiley-Blackwell, , p.
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